Glitched


Disclaimer: These are really bad notes

Current colonial holdings

  • Spanish:
    • Florida
    • South America
    • Central America
    • Caribbean
    • Southwest North America
  • French:
    • Canada
    • Other parts
    • Lost most of it by 1763
  • Dutch:
    • Modern day NYC area
    • Even old New York was once New Amsterdam
    • Small colonies because the Dutch were religiously tolerant, so nobody felt the need to leave
  • England:
    • The main focus of this unit, expand on later
  • Colonies are made because of Mercantilism
    • Countries want silver, gold, a new market to sell stuff in
    • Colonies provide these things

Types of English Colonies

  • Charter colonies
    • Monarch grants land to a group of shareholders (Joint stock companies)
    • Ex. Virginia
  • Proprietary colonies
    • Land granted to an individual, free to rule as they want to
    • Ex. Maryland, Pennsylvania
  • Royal Colonies
    • Directly ruled by the monarch
    • King appoints governor
    • 8 of the 13 colonies are these
    • Ex. New York, Massachusetts

Colonies of Britain

  • Roanoke
    • Technically the first colony, but disappeared
  • Jamestown
    • First permanent colony
    • Most people died at first
      • Too little food
      • Very cold
      • Conflicts with Native Americans
    • Saved by John Rolfe
      • Introduced tobacco
      • Cash crops
    • Cash crops led to need for labor
      • Indentured Servitude
        • Contract for 4-7 years of work in exchange for a ride across the Atlantic
      • British did not use Natives for labor
    • House of Burgesses
      • Early representative Government
      • Landowning men above 17 years old voted for burgesses (Representatives) for each county
      • Governor was appointed by the house, but later changed to King of England’s nominee
      • George Washington served as one of these
    • Problems
      • Tobacco destroys farmland
      • Colonists move into Native territory
      • More labor demand
      • Tensions with Natives
    • Anglo-Powhatan wars
      • 1st war ends with Pocahontas, John Rolfe marriage
      • Massacre of 1622 starts a new war
      • Powhatans destroyed by 1646
    • Bacon’s rebellion
      • Class struggle between tidewater gentry and backcountry farmers
      • Bacon burns down Jamestown
      • Britain intervenes
      • Governor Berkeley kicked out
      • End of indentured servitude, beginning of African slave usage
  • Maryland
    • Founded by Lord Baltimore
    • Act of Toleration
      • Religious freedom for Christians
      • Not for Non-Christians
    • Relied on tobacco
  • Middle colonies
    • Ethnically diverse
    • Breadbasket
    • Semi-religiously tolerant
    • NY and NJ once belonged to Netherlands
      • Annexed by Britain
      • Very diverse
      • Allowed Jews
      • Cared about money, not religion
    • Delaware
      • Founded by William Penn
      • Close with Pennsylvania
      • Tobacco
    • Pennsylvania
      • Quakers
      • Friendly w/ Natives
      • Religious Freedom
      • Liberal political ideals: Charter of Liberties
  • New England
    • Puritans
      • Religious
      • Wanted to purify Church of England
      • Tight-Knit
    • Mixed Economy
    • Plymouth
      • Mayflower
      • Wanted to go to Jamestown, missed by a bit
      • Mayflower Compact
        • First Self-Government ideas
      • Literal, Strict Bible interpretation
      • Hard labor -> Salvation
      • Direct Democracy in Churches
        • Almost theocracy
      • Harvard, Yale
      • William Bradford
    • Massachusetts Bay
      • “City on a Hill”
      • Founded by John Winthrop
      • No religious freedom
      • Church membership needed for politics
      • Boston was the capital
    • Rhode Island
      • Roger Williams questioned Puritan Leadership
      • Separation of Church, State
      • Complete Religious freedom
    • Anne Hutchinson
      • Wanted women preachers
      • Wanted personal connection for heaven, not good works
      • Banished, killed by Native Americans
    • Connecticut
      • Thomas Hooker thought Mass Bay was not strict enough
      • Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
        • Property, church membership needed to vote
        • First written constitution in America
    • Native American wars
      • Pequot wars
        • New England wipes out Pequot tribe
      • New England Confederation
        • Puritan alliance of defense against natives
      • King Philip’s war
        • Not his actual name
        • Last major Native resistance to New England colonists
    • Salem witch trials
      • Groupthink
  • Southern colonies
    • Carolinas
      • Tobacco
      • Split in 1712 due to agriculture differences
        • NC had less slavery, smaller tobacco farms
        • SC had cash crops, slavery
      • Catawba tribe wiped out
    • Georgia
      • Founded by James Oglethorpe
      • Rice plantations
    • Barbados
      • British West Indies
      • Lucrative for British
      • Harsh treatment of slaves
      • Sugar plantations
    • Racial Social structure
    • Male dominated
    • Status based on land ownership

Slavery in the colonies

  • Triangular Trade
    • 3 part route of slaves and goods from Europe to Africa to Caribbean, colonies
  • Middle Passage
    • 3rd leg of triangular trade
    • Harsh journey for slaves
    • 2 million slaves died here
  • Slave culture
    • Gullah
      • Secret language
    • Blended religious practices
    • Struggle to maintain culture
      • Stono Rebellion
        • Led to chattel slavery

The Great Awakening

  • Influx of religious fervor in the colonies
    • Religious fervor was fading
    • Half Way Covenant
      • Could be church member without conversion experience
      • Children could be baptized
      • Strict Puritans did not like this
  • Newspapers brought ideas over from England
    • Methodism
      • Focus on personal conversion
      • Itinerancy
        • Preachers traveled around
      • Open air preaching
        • Very dramatic
    • George Whitefield, Johnathan Edwards were preachers
  • Old Lights
    • Traditionalists
    • Educated preachers
    • Class system in church
  • New Lights
    • Emotional Preachers
    • Converted ministry
    • No class system in church
  • Led to new universities
  • Religion enters south
  • Methodists, Baptists form
  • Calls for separation of Church and State

Relationship with Britain

  • Salutary Neglect: Britain didn’t really care what went on in the colonies until 1754
  • Navigation acts of 1660
    • Mercantilist policies by England
    • Only trade with England
    • Led to smuggling
    • Woolen act
      • No exporting wool, sheep
    • Molasses Act
      • Tax on molasses, sugar, rum
    • Dominion of New England
      • Union of British colonies in North America
      • Tried to end smuggling
      • Failed miserably
  • Colonial Governments
    • Loosely British Controlled
    • House of Burgesses
    • Mayflower Compact
    • Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
  • Peter Zenger Case
    • Supported freedom of the press
    • Caused by enlightenment ideas
  • Education in the colonies
    • New England had a lot

Class Struggles

  • Eastern Elites vs Backcountry Farmers
    • Bacon’s rebellion
    • Paxton Boys
      • 600 armed men march on PA legislature, appeased
    • North Carolina Regulators
      • Demanded equal representation
      • Defeated

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